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bladder are not working properly. The
most common cause is a weak pelvic
floor.
Urge Incontinence
Describes an overactive bladder. A
person may experience a strong and
sudden urge to go to the toilet but are
not always able to hold on, or must go
so
frequently
that
inconvenient.
Mixed Incontinence
Is a combination of both Stress and
Urge Incontinence.

6. PERIOD PAIN

Painful
periods
are
teenagers and young adults.
Most women have some pain during
periods. The pain is often mild but, in
about 5 in 10 women, the pain is severe
enough to affect day-to-day activities.
The pain can be so severe that they are
unable to go to school or work.
Period pain generally falls into two
categories: primary dysmenorrhea
and secondary dysmenorrhea.
Primary
dysmenorrhoea has
specific cause yet is the most common
type of painful periods affecting 9 out of
10 women. It occurs where there is no
underlying
problem of
(uterus) or pelvis. The main symptom is
a cramping type of pain in the lower
tummy (abdomen); it may in some
cases spread to the lower back, or to
the top of the legs. Pains are generally
worst in the first few years after starting
it
becomes
common
in
no
the
womb
your period, with symptoms tending to
improve with age or after childbirth.
Secondary dysmenorrhoea is less
common and is more likely to occur in
women in their 30s and 40s. It is caused
by a specific underlying condition such
as endometriosis (when cells that
normally line the uterus are found at
other sites in the body – usually the
ovaries and fallopian tubes). Again, the
main symptom is cramping pain in the
lower tummy during your periods. In
some
women
dysmenorrhoea the pain starts several
days before the period begins and lasts
all the way through the period. (This is
uncommon
with
dysmenorrhoea).
With secondary dysmenorrhoea it is
likely to have other symptoms - for
example:
• Irregular periods.
• Bleeding between periods.
• Pains between periods.
• The bleeding becomes heavier than
previously.
• Vaginal discharge.
• Pain during sex.
• Pain in your back passage (rectum).
Secondary dysmenorrhoea may occur
as a result of:
• Endometriosis/adenomyosis.
• Pelvic inflammatory disease.
• Fibroids when it is often associated
with heavy menstrual bleeding.
• Adhesions.
• Developmental abnormalities.
9
with
secondary
primary

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