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Kapitel 1
Glossary
Glossary
ACPI (Advanced Configuration & Power Interface)
This power management specification enables the OS (operating system) to control the
amount of power given to each device attached to the computer. Windows 98/98SE,
Windows 2000 and Windows ME can fully support ACPI to allow users managing the
system power flexibly.
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
A new, high-speed graphics interface that based on PCI construction and designed
especially for the throughput demands of 3-D graphics. AGP provides a direct channel
(32-bit wide bus) between the display controller and main memory for high graphics
quality and performance.
B l u e t o o t h
Bluetooth refers to a worldwide standard for the wireless exchange of data between two
devices. Bluetooth requires that a low-cost transceiver chip be included in each device.
The tranceiver transmits and receives in a previously unused frequency band of 2.45
GHz that is available globally (with some variation of bandwidth in different countries).
In addition to data, up to three voice channels are available. Each device has a unique 48-
bit address from the IEEE 802 standard. Connections can be point-to-point or
multipoint. The maximum range is 10 meters. Data can be exchanged at a rate of 1
megabit per second (up to 2 Mbps in the second generation of the technology).
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
On PCs, an essential software that contains all the control code of input/output inter-
face (such as keyboard, disk drives, etc.). It executes hardware test on booting the
system, starts the OS, and provides an interface between the OS and the components.
The BIOS is stored in a ROM chip.
B u s
A set of hardware lines within the computer system, through which the data is trans-
ferred among different components. In a PC, the term bus usually refers to a local bus
that connects the internal components to the CPU and main memory.
C a c h e
A special memory subsystem that is used to speed up the data transfer. It stores the
1-104
contents of frequently accessed RAM locations and the addresses where these data
items are stored.
C h i p s e t
A collection of integrated chips designed to perform one or more related functions. For
example, a modem chipset contains all the primary circuits for transmitting and receiv-
ing data; a PC chipset provides the electronic interfaces between all subsystems.
C l o c k
C y c l e
Clock cycle (or tick) is the smallest unit of time recognized by a device. For personal
computers, clock cycles generally refer to the main system clock, which runs at 66
MHz. This means that there are 66 million clock cycles per second. Since modern
CPUs run much faster (up to 533 MHz), the CPU can execute several instructions in a
single clock tick.
CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor)
CMOS is a widely used type of semiconductor, which features high speed and low
power consumption. PCs usually contain a small amount of battery-powered CMOS
memory to retain the date, time, and system setup parameters.
DRAM
(Dynamic RAM)
A most common type of computer memory. It usually uses one transistor and a
capacitor to represent a bit. As the development of technology, the memory type and
specification used in computer becomes variety, such as SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, and
RDRAM. For further instruction, please see the table below:
Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Memory Technologies
Type
First Used
Clock Rate
FPM (60,70ns)
1990
25MHz
EDO (50,60,70ns)
1994
40MHz
SDRAM (66MHz)
1996
66MHz
SDRAM (100MHz)
1998
100MHz
SDRAM (133MHz)
1999
133MHz
RDRAM (Direct Rambus)
1999
400MHz
DDR SDRAM (100MHz)
2000
100MHz
DDR SDRAM (133MHz)
2000
133MHz
* Memory channel width (64 bits started with 75MHz Pentium)
Source: Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
Einführung
Bus* Width
Peak
Volts
Bandwidth
64 bits
200 MBps
5v
64 bits
320 MBps
5v
64 bits
528 MBps
3.3v
64 bits
800 MBps
3.3v
64 bits
1.1 GBps
3.3v
16 bits
1.6 GBps
2.5v
64 bits
1.6 GBps
3.3v
64 bits
2.1 GBps
3.3v
1-105
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